THE ROOTS OF MARKETS & WEALTH

As I've been doing from time to time, what's posted below is a piece from the book I've been working on, The Roots of Markets and Wealth ... And, yes, it's almost done. To the left is a photo of John D. Rockefeller.





... Whatever the roots of his “scathing disdain for the ‘waste’ of unbridled competition” John D. Rockefeller’s pursuit of monopoly power in the late 1800s helped bring organization and, perhaps more importantly, steady profits to the oil industry. However, by the early 1930s oil profits were again threatened by too many competitors. Indeed, by August 1931 producers in Oklahoma and Texas were so plentiful and productive that the price of crude dropped to thirteen cents a barrel and, by the spring of 1933, saw some ‘hot oil’ runners get little more than two cents a barrel. And this occurred after Texas Governor Ross Sterling had, in effect, “declared war” on East Texas by sending the National Guard and Texas Rangers to cut off rogue producers, and then “rammed” a bill through the legislature which allowed market prorationing.

To stabilize prices, the oil industry turned to the federal government. After initially going after black market producers Interior Secretary Harold Ickes sought to reduce production by sending production quotas to the governors of each oil state. And why not? Acording to Ickes, after the Depression many business leaders were shell-shocked and “crawling to Washington on their hands and knees…to beg the Government to run their businesses for them.”

Unfortunately for Ickes, and FDR, the Supreme Court declared much of the National Industrial Recovery Act – which gave the federal government its authority in oil – unconstitutional. Still, with memories of ten cents a barrel still fresh, the states decided to follow federal government determined quotas on a voluntary basis.

To insure cooperation, the Interstate Oil Compact was passed in 1935 and provided a “forum for states to exchange information and plans, to standardize legislation, and to coordinate prorationing and conservation in production.” To check the flow of foreign oil, which might undermine the “informal” quota system, Congress imposed tariffs on foreign crude, fuel oil, and gasoline. This cut U.S. oil imports in half, stabilized sales, and put the U.S. oil industry firmly under a government escorted quota and tariff system.

As was the case during Rockefeller’s time, the post-Depression oil industry was able to establish regular profits at “market prices” only after competition had been brought under control. Perhaps more importantly, the organizational mold that would inspire the creation of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) had been cast ...


- Mark